Bài giảng Green energy course syllabus - Chapter 6: Energy storage systems for advanced power applications

Green Energy Course-

Renewable Energy Systems

Biên sọan: Nguyễn Hữu Phúc

Khoa Điện- Điện Tử- Đại Học Bách Khoa TPHCM

Energy Storage Systems For

Advanced Power Applications

Paulo F. Ribeiro, Ph.D., MBA

[email protected]

Calvin College

Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA

Energy Storage

Energy is a Life Sustainable Business

•Sustainability

Efficiency

Performance

Conservation

Renewable Sources

•Present socio-economic realities – limits developments

•Better Understanding of Performance Issues is Needed

Abstract

Energy storage technologies do not represent energy sources

Provide valuable added benefits to improve:

stability, power quality and security of supply.

Battery Technologies

Flywheel Technologies

Advanced / Super Capacitors

Superconducting Energy Storage Systems

Introduction

•Electric Power Systems - Experiencing Dramatic Changes

•Electric load growth and higher regional power transfers in a largely interconnected

network:

>>complex and less secure power system operation.

•Power generation and transmission facilities - unable to meet these new demands

•Growth of electronic loads has made the quality of power supply a critical issue.

•Power system engineers facing these challenges - operate the system in more a

flexible.

•

•In face of disturbances - generators unable to keep the system stable.

•High speed reactive power control is possible through the use of flexible ac

transmission systems (FACTS) devices.

•Better solution: rapidly vary real power without impacting the system through power

circulation.

•

•Recent developments and advances in energy storage and power electronics

technologies

Energy Storage Systems for Advanced Transmission and Distribution

Applications

•Energy Storage Technology – Power Convert

•Factors:

The amount of energy that can be stored in the device.

The rate at which energy can be transferred into or out of the storage

device.

•Power/Energy ranges for near to mid-term technology have projected

•Integration of energy storage technologies with Flexible AC Transmission

Systems (FACTS) and custom power devices are among the possible

advanced power applications utilizing energy storage.

Power vs. Energy Ranges

for Near to Midterm Technology

SMES

100

10

Flywheel

Batteries

Capacitor

1

10

100

1000

Energy

(MWsec)

Benefits: transmission enhancement, power oscillation damping,

dynamic voltage stability, tie line control, short-term spinning

reserve, load leveling, under-frequency load shedding reduction,

circuit break reclosing, sub-synchronous resonance damping, and

power quality improvement.

Source ASA

M ain Advantages

(Relative to others)

Power

Energy

Application

Disadvantages

(Relative to others)

Storage Technologies

Application

Pum ped Storage

High Capacity, Low Cost

Special Site Requirement

Compressed Air

Special Site Requirement,

Need Gas Fuel

Flow Batteries:

Regenesys

High Capacity,

Independent Power and

Energy Ratings

Low Energy Density

Vanadium Redox

Zinc Bromine

Metal-Air Batteries

Very High Energy

Density

Electric Charging is Difficult

Sodium Sulfur (NAS)

Battery

High Power & Energy

Densities,

High Efficiency

Production Cost,

Safety Concerns

(addressed in design)

Li-ion Batteries

High Power & Energy

Densities, High Efficiency

High Production Cost,

Requires Special Charging

Circuit.

Ni-Cad Batteries

High Power & Energy

Densities,

Efficiency

Other Advanced Batteries

High Power & Energy

Densities,

High Production Cost

High Efficiency

Lead-Acid Batteries

Flywheels

Low Capital Cost

High Power

Limited Cycle Life when

Deeply Discharged

Low Energy density

SMES, DSMES

High Power

Low Energy Density, High

Production Cost

Double Layer Capacitors

(SuperCapacitors)

Long Cycle Life, High

Efficiency

Low Energy Density

A. Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES)

AC

Line

Dewar

Coil

Bypass

Switch

Transformer

Power Conversion System

I_Coil

CSI

or

VSI + dc-dc chopper

V_Coil

Cryogenic

System

Controller

Coil Protection

A. Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES)

Solenoid Configuration

(100 MJ – 4kA - 96MW System)

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A. Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES)

SMES’ efficiency and fast response capability (MW/millisecond) have

been, and can be further exploited in applications at all levels of

electric power systems. Potential applications have been studied since

1970’s.

a) load leveling,

b) frequency support (spinning reserve) during loss of generation,

c) enhancing transient and dynamic stability,

d) dynamic voltage support (VAR compensation),

e) improving power quality,

f) increasing transmission line capacity, thus enhancing overall security

and reliability of power systems.

Further development continues in power conversion systems and control

schemes, evaluation of design and cost factors, and analyses for

various SMES system applications..

A. Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES)

Power (MW)

Dynamic Response

Generation

10,000

Frequency

Spinning

Reserve

Control

1,000

100

10

Voltage/VAR

Transmission

Load Leveling

Generation

Stability

Transmission

Load Leveling

Transmission

Custom

Power

1

Load Leveling

Distribution

Power

Quality

0.1

1

10

100

1,000

10

100

1,000 10,000

1

MWhr

MWs

Energy

Energy-power characteristics for potential SMES

applications for generation, transmission, and

distribution.

B. Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS)

Batteries are one of the most cost-effective energy storage

technologies available, with energy stored electrochemically.

Key factors in battery for storage applications include: high

energy density, high energy capability, round trip efficiency,

cycling capability, life span, and initial cost.

Battery technologies under consideration for large-scale

energy storage.

Lead-acid batteries can be designed for bulk energy storage

or for rapid charge/discharge.

Photo Source: UP Networks

Mobile applications are favoring sealed lead-acid battery

technologies for safety and ease of maintenance.

Valve regulated lead-acid (VRLA) batteries have better cost

and performance characteristics for stationary applications.

BESS Example – Transmission/Distribution Application

Lead-acid batteries,

have been used in a

few commercial and

large-scale energy

management

applications.

The largest one is a

40 MWh system in

Chino, California,

built in 1988. The

table below lists and

compares the lead-

acid storage

systems that are

larger than 1MWh.

C. Advanced / Super / Capacitors

•The amount of energy a capacitor is capable of storing

can be increased by either increasing the capacitance or

the voltage stored on the capacitor.

•The stored voltage is limited by the voltage withstand

strength of the dielectric.

•As with batteries, the turn around efficiency when

charging/discharging capacitors is also an important

consideration, as is response time.

•The effective series resistance of the capacitor has a

significant impact on both. The total voltage change

when charging or discharging capacitors is shown in

equation

1

2

=

E CV

=

q CV

e

A

dt

tot

C

=

= * + *

tot

C

dV i

i R

d

C. Advanced / Super / Capacitors

NESSCAP 10F/2.3V

C. Advanced Capacitors

Advantages

Disadvantage

Power (higher density)

Energy Density

Energy Efficiency (higher)

Maintenance

Discharge

Parameters

Discharge

Charge

Energy Density <0.1 Wh/kg

Power Density >10E4Wh/kg

Charge Eff.

Cycle life

Electrostatic Cap

10E-3-6 sec

Ultra-Cap

Battery

1-30 sec

1-10Wh/kg

0.3-3 hours

1-5 hours

20-100Wh/kg

10E-3-6 sec

10-20E4Wh/kg 5-200Wh/kg

0.9-0.95 0.7-0.85

>500,000

~1.0

infinite

Ness Caps

D. Flywheel Energy Storage (FES)

Flywheels can be used to store energy for power systems

when the flywheel is coupled to an electric machine.

Stored energy depends on the moment of inertia of the rotor

and the square of the rotational velocity of the flywheel..

Energy is transferred to the flywheel when the machine

operates as a motor (the flywheel accelerates), charging the

energy storage device. The flywheel is discharged when the

electric machine regenerates through the drive (slowing the

flywheel).

ActivePower, Inc.

r²mh

1

2

E = I²

I =

The moment

2

of inertia (I)

depends on

the radius,

mass, and

height

The energy storage capability of flywheels can be

improved either by increasing the moment of inertia of

the flywheel or by turning it at higher rotational

velocities, or both.

(length) of the

rotor

D. Flywheel Energy Storage (FES)

Flywheel energy storage coupled

to a dynamic voltage restorer.

=

FW

=

Bài giảng Green energy course syllabus - Chapter 6: Energy storage systems for advanced power applications - Nguyễn Hữu Phúc